气候变暖对我国水稻生产的综合影响及其应对策略

气候变暖已是不争的事实,预计到21世纪末全球地表平均气温仍将上升1.5℃以上。水稻是我国最重要的口粮作物,全国80%以上的人口以稻米为主食,探明气候变暖对我国“口粮绝对安全”的潜在影响意义重大。作者依据多年的田间增温试验及长期观察,并结合国内外现有研究,阐明了我国粮食主产区气候变暖的基本态势,总结发现温度升高1.5℃对我国水稻生产的潜在影响正负参半,并取决于具体的稻作季节和地区。但是,随着水稻种植制度调整,尤其是南方双季稻种植面积下降,温度升高对我国水稻生产的负面影响将逐步递增。最后,作者提出了应对气候变暖的气候智慧型稻作技术创新建议,并展望了该研究领域的重点内容和方向。     

毕节地区干草调制研究

中国南方喀斯特地区干草调制受限于诸多自然因素,客观上阻碍了该类地区草食畜牧业的发展,本研究在喀斯特典型地区贵州毕节撒拉溪示范区选取扁穗雀麦(Bromus cartharticus)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)、菊苣(Cichorium intybus)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)、红三叶(T.pratense)、多年生黑麦(Lolium perenne)8种牧草进行田间自然晾晒,记录各时间段牧草的重量、空气温度和湿度,并对历年该地区气候进行浅析,重点分析近3年来4、5、6、7月份的最高温和最低温变化,通过对该地区8种主要栽培牧草的干燥过程和水分散失规律的研究,结合多年降水和气温变化规律,分析该地区调制干草的可行性,以期为喀斯特地区畜牧业的发展提供一些数据支撑。结果表明,1)4种禾本科牧草的干燥速率明显优于3种豆科牧草和菊苣;2)从外观评价角度出发,白三叶、红三叶、菊苣均不适合进行牧草晾晒;3)在选择的影响指标中,对干草晾晒的影响程度表现为晾晒时间空气湿度温度;4)综合分析各气候因子,在贵州毕节地区7月份最适合进行干草调制;5)干草调制具备可观的经济收益。     

雌雄异株植物生长释放/抑制判定及其气候解释

利用树轮学方法,以长白山雌雄异株植物红豆杉、山杨和水曲柳为研究对象,通过判定雌雄异株树种生长释放/抑制事件及其与气候因子的关系,以期揭示物种属性和性别因素对树木生长释放/抑制事件的影响及其对气候响应机制的差异性。结果表明:3种雌雄植株的生长释放事件大多发生在幼龄阶段,生理特征差异也可能导致不同雌雄植株发生生长释放事件的时间和频率存在一定差异性。性别因素对山杨和红豆杉雌雄植株的生长释放存在显著影响,山杨雌株和红豆杉雄株对外界环境干扰更为敏感,水曲柳雌雄株对环境干扰的响应差异不明显;山杨更易受到外界环境干扰发生生长释放事件;水曲柳植株发生生长释放/抑制事件可能与林窗干扰有关。红豆杉和山杨的生长释放事件与气候因子具有显著相关关系,红豆杉雄株与温度、降水则存在显著正相关关系(P0.05),山杨雄株与温度、降水则存在显著负相关关系(P0.05),山杨雌株与降水呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),植株的生长释放/抑制事件对气候的响应与树木径向生长--逐月气候因子的关系有所不同。因此应当考虑生长--气候因子之间的非线性关系以及物种和性别因素对生长--气候关系的影响,以期完善植株生长对气候的响应机制。      

Impact of waterlogging and temperature on autumn growth,hardening and freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense)

Precipitation has generally increased in Norway during the last century, and climate projections indicate a further increase. The growing season has also become longer with higher temperatures, particularly in autumn. Previous studies have shown negative effects of high temperatures and, depending upon temperature conditions, contrasting effects of waterlogging on hardening capacity of timothy. We studied effects of waterlogging on seedlings of timothy (Phleum pratense, cv. Noreng) under three pre-acclimation temperatures: 3°C, 7°C, 12°C, and in autumn natural light in a phytotron at Holt, Tromsø (69°N). After temperature treatments, all plants were cold acclimated at 2°C for three weeks under continued waterlogging treatments. Freezing tolerance was determined by intact plants being frozen in pots at incremental temperature decreases in a programmable freezer. Waterlogging resulted in a higher probability of death after freezing, and a significantly reduced regrowth after three weeks at 18°C, 24 hrs light in a greenhouse. Increasing pre-acclimation temperatures also had a clear negative effect on freezing tolerance, but there was no interaction between temperatures and waterlogging. The results indicate that waterlogging may have negative implications for hardening of timothy and may contribute to reduced winter survival under the projected increase in autumn temperatures and precipitation.     

论韶关地区道路绿化植物的科学选择与配置

韶关地区道路绿化树种大多数是从南部珠三角地区和北部湖南地区引进，可能存在所引进树种是否适应韶关气候的问题。因此，如何运用科学的方法选择与配置道路绿化植物和确定合适的种植位置就成为道路绿化工程的关键。     

Simulating farming practices within a region using a stochastic bio-decisional model: Application to irrigated maize in south-western France

Agricultural is a major contributor to environmental resource management problems. Modelling the distribution of agricultural land use to evaluate current situations or scenarios is an important issue for policy-makers and natural resource managers. A promising approach is the use of bio-decisional models based on decision rules. However, at the regional scale, the large number of farmers makes it difficult to identify decision rules, and the diversity of farmers' decisions is rarely considered. To this end, we developed SIMITKO, a spatialised and stochastic bio-decisional model, able to simulate the spatial and temporal variability in farming practices. We focused on the choice of varietal earliness and sowing practices of maize (Zea mays L.) in the Baïse sector (south-western France). Model development was based on statistical analyses of surveys of farmers’ practices to identify their current strategies, the best variables to describe the practices and the probabilities associated with the values of the variables for each strategy. We tested SIMITKO by simulating the dynamics of areas sown with maize. Comparing model predictions of practices to observed data showed generally good predictions of sowing dynamics but less satisfactory predictions of varietal earliness choices. Possible improvements are suggested.     

Can additional N fertiliser ameliorate the elevated CO2‐induced depression in grain and tissue N concentrations of wheat on a high soil N background?

Elevated CO₂ stimulates crop yields but leads to lower tissue and grain nitrogen concentrations [N], raising concerns about grain quality in cereals. To test whether N fertiliser application above optimum growth requirements can alleviate the decline in tissue [N], wheat was grown in a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment facility in a low‐rainfall cropping system on high soil N. Crops were grown with and without addition of 50–60 kg N/ha in 12 growing environments created by supplemental irrigation and two sowing dates over 3 years. Elevated CO₂ increased yield and biomass (on average by 25%) and decreased biomass [N] (3%–9%) and grain [N] (5%). Nitrogen uptake was greater (20%) in crops grown under elevated CO₂. Additional N supply had no effect on yield and biomass, confirming high soil N. Small increases in [N] with N addition were insufficient to offset declines in grain [N] under elevated CO₂. Instead, N application increased the [N] in straw and decreased N harvest index. The results suggest that conventional addition of N does not mitigate grain [N] depression under elevated CO₂, and lend support to hypotheses that link decreases in crop [N] with biochemical limitations rather than N supply.     

林业经济发展与气候因素的因果关系

森林资源是林业经济发展的基础能源,又与气候存在着因果关系.气候因素中的气温、湿度、降水、光照等对森林生长产生起决定性影响,林业生产总值深受气候影响,同时林业经济的发展可能对气候产生正反两方面作用.因此,人们在发展林业经济过程中要考虑到气候变化因素,积极发展木本油料能源产业.     

近36年藏东“三江”流域农业气候资源变化特征

为了解藏东"三江"流域农业气候资源的变化特征,为政府部门合理利用气候资源提供科学依据。利用藏东"三江"流域1980—2015年逐日气温、降水量、日照时数等资料,应用线性倾向估计、M-K突变检验等方法,分析近36年藏东"三江"流域热量、光照、降水资源的变化趋势及对农业生产的影响。结果表明:近36年,藏东"三江"流域年平均气温、日照时数、降水量呈增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.38℃/10 a、22.2 h/10 a、9.4 mm/10 a;流域内各站气温年、季变化趋势一致,日照时数与降水量年、季变化趋势差异较大;降水相对变率春季最大,夏季最小;≥0℃的初日提早、终日推迟,持续日数延长,积温增长。农业气候资源的变化将对藏东"三江"流域农业的发展产生巨大影响。     

Soil organic carbon stock variability in the Northern Gangetic Plains of India: interaction between agro‐ecological characteristics and cropping systems

Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and its spatial distribution in the Northern Gangetic Plain (NGP) Zone of India were determined to establish the cause–effect relationship between agro‐ecological characteristics, prevailing crop management practices and SOC stock. Area Spread Index (ASI) approach was used to collect soil samples from the NGP areas supporting predominant cropping systems. Exponential ordinary kriging was found most suitable geo‐statistical model for developing SOC surface maps of the NGP. Predicted surface maps indicated that 43.7% area of NGP had 0.5–0.6% SOC, while the rest of the area was equally distributed with high (0.61–0.75%) and low (< 0.5%) SOC content levels. Averaged across cropping systems, maximum SOC content was recorded in Bhabar and Tarai Zone (BTZ), followed by Central Plain Zone (CPZ), Mid‐Western Plain Zone (MWPZ), Western Plain Zone (WPZ) and South‐Western Plain Zone (SWPZ) of the NGP. The SOC stock was above the optimum threshold (> 12.5 Mg/ha) in 97.8, 57.6 and 46.4% areas of BTZ, CPZ and MWPZ, respectively. Only 9.8 and 0.4% area of WPZ and SWPZ, respectively, had SOC stock above the threshold value. The variation in SOC stock was attributed largely to carbon addition through recycling of organic sources, cropping systems, tillage intensity, crop or residue cover and land‐use efficiency, nutrient‐use pattern, soil texture and prevailing ecosystem. Adoption of conservation agriculture, balanced use of nutrients, inclusion of legumes in cropping systems and agro‐forestry were suggested for enhancing SOC stock in the region.